|
Al–Andalus is the name of the territory occupied by the muslim and since 711 the invasion was run by Musa Ibn Nusayr and Tariq Ibn Ziyad.
The first of them was walí- direct representative of the Umayyad Caliph in the occupied territory in Ifriquiya, North of Africa. Al–Andalus became an independent territory of the province, and it was run by an emir, under the control of Wali. Since 716, Córdoba became the capital / main city of the 750 the omeyas were defeated by the abbasids and the only one alive was Abd al–Rahman Al–dahil (the emigrated) who escaped and arrived in Spain in 756, restoring the Umayyad Emirate independent from which one abbasid in Bagdad, and that lasted till 925.
Abd al–Rahman I, was 25 years old when he proclamed himself Emir (756-788). He wanted to impose his power against the abassies, besides he began the marvellous Mosque Alhama of Córdoba. The next ones made an effort to keep the domination in the territory conquered by him, Abd Al–Rahman the first and to maintain the Spanish population under their control. The dynasty went on with the son of the Emigrated, al-Hakam I (796-822) who was 26 years old when he came / obtained the power. Then Hisham I (788-796) at the age of thirty-one years old.
In this period the main problems were. Not the christian groups get up in the North of Spain but the internal “struggles”: religious, with the christians turned into the muslim religion (Maladies); or the mozarabes, the christian people who lived in Al–Andalus; (episody of the "Martirio Voluntario”, 850) and etnics between muslims and berbers (this last group represent the people living in the North of Africa; and geographical between yemenin people or muslim of the north of the Arabic Peninsula and gaysíes or muslim of the south.
Many times these conflicts had its origin in social and economical differences, in fact the Muslims who were at the top of the power had more social advantages and paid less taxes than the others.
After calming down these internal strugglings, Abd al-Rahman II (822-852), became the new emir at the age of forty-five years old.
He began a hard political struggle against the Christian Kingdoms and continued the works of the Mosque. During his period the normand invasion took place in the Peninsule – years 844 – 858 and the approaching of the umayyad to the byzantine empire began. Then they sent an embassy in 840. (This allowed to enrich the decoration of the Mosque).
Muhammad I (852-886) became emir. He tried to keep the territory of Al-Andalus with integrity; he fought no times against the Kingdom of Asturias and the west past the peninsula.
His politics drove Al-Andalus towards a strong internal crisis. A wide wave of pest and hunger in the years 865 and 874, impulsed the strength of the battles.
Muhammad I had two sons, one of them, born from a relation ship with a slave Ushur: al-Mundhir (886-888) forty-two years old and Abd Allah (888-912) forty-four years old.
Abd al-Rahman III at the age of twenty-one years old became emir, in 912, this happened due to his father’s murder.
During the first period of his kingdom, till the year he was proclaimed Caliph, in 929, he dedied himself to reduce the internal struggles.
|
